Before using any solid electrode, its surface must be cleaned to remove contamination caused by impurities or impurities adsorbed on the surface. Just as most metal electrode surfaces are prone to the formation of oxide layers, the oxidation of carbon electrode surfaces can generate various oxygen-containing groups (such as alcohols, phenols, carboxyl groups, ketoquinones, and anhydrides), resulting in decreased reproducibility, stability, sensitivity, and loss of selectivity of the electrode.

Mercury oxide electrode (Hg/HgO) can be used as a reference electrode for measuring units in devices such as acidimeters, ion meters, potentiometric titrators, and electrochemical workstations. This electrode has good potential reproducibility and is suitable for potential measurement in alkaline solutions.

Agitators are an indispensable type of equipment in synthetic experiments. Of course, you may say that a shaker can be used instead, but the universality of agitators is broader.

The mercurous sulfate electrode (Hg/Hg2SO4) can be used as an acidity meter, ion meter, and potentiometric titrator. It serves as a reference measuring element on electrochemical workstations and can be used as a reference electrode for trace chlorine determination when combined with various ion selective electrodes and metal electrodes. It is suitable for potential measurement in acidic solutions.